Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
METCALF, MEG. "Research Guides: LGBTQ+ Studies: A Resource Guide: Stonewall Era and Uprising."
Library of Congress, 2019
https://guides.loc.gov/lgbtq-studies/stonewall-era
This Library of Congress research guide provided an overview of the Stonewall Era and connects to numerous primary sources from that time period. I used this to understand the broader historical context and to locate additional primary sources about the events.
Allyn, Bobby, and Dani Matias. "NYPD Commissioner Apologizes For 'Oppressive' 1969 Raid On Stonewall Inn."
NPR, 6 June 2019
This article provided information about the 2019 apology from the NYPD Commissioner for the department's actions during the Stonewall Raid. I used this to understand how perspectives about the raid have changed over time and to highlight the long-term significance of the event.
Board, Daily News Editorial. "Old Wrongs on Gay Rights: The NYPD Ends Its Stonewall-Ing of 1960s Harassment."
New York Daily News, 6 June 2019
www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-edit-stonewall-march-20190607-4gxquu2xnbgmhhvrqi6agalrjq-story.html
This newspaper editorial provided insight into how the Stonewall Riots were perceived at the time of the 50th anniversary and how law enforcement's role was reconsidered. This source helped me analyze how public and institutional opinions have evolved since the 1969 riots and how these changes reflect broader societal shifts in LGBTQ+ rights and representation.
"American Experience; Stonewall Uprising; Interview with Seymour Pine, 1 of 2."
American Archive of Public Broadcasting
https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-64thvx10
This oral history interview provided a firsthand account from Deputy Inspector Seymour Pine, who led the raid on Stonewall Inn. I used this source to understand the perspective of law enforcement officers involved in the Stonewall Riots, helping me understand the motivations behind the raid and how the police justified their actions.
Gold, Michael, and Derek M. Norman. "Stonewall Riot Apology: Police Actions Were 'Wrong,' Commissioner Admits."
The New York Times, 6 June 2019
www.nytimes.com/2019/06/06/nyregion/stonewall-riots-nypd.html
This newspaper article examined how the NYPD formally acknowledged the harm caused by the Stonewall raid, decades after the event. This source helped me understand how historical perception of the riots changed over time and how institutional responses evolved to reflect contemporary values of inclusion and justice.
American Archive of Public Broadcasting. "Stonewall Uprising Interviews."
American Archive of Public Broadcasting, 2011
https://americanarchive.org/special_collections/stonewall-uprising-interviews
This oral history collection provided a variety of perspectives from individuals who witnessed or participated in the riots. The source helped me understand personal recollections of the riots, helping me create a more nuanced and multi-perspective narrative of the events.
"Stonewall Riot Police Reports by Jonathan Ned Katz."
OutHistory.org
https://www.outhistory.org/exhibits/show/stonewall-riot-police-reports
These police reports provided official documentation of the raid and allowed me to compare them with firsthand witness accounts. This source helped me understand how law enforcement initially justified their actions and how their reports differed from other perspectives of the events.
Secondary Sources
Biography.com Editors. "Sylvia Rivera - Speech, Stonewall & Death."
Biography.com, 7 January 2020
https://www.biography.com/activists/sylvia-rivera
This biographical article helped me understand Sylvia Rivera's role in the Stonewall Riots and her later activism for trans rights. The source provided context about how the Stonewall Riots pushed figures like Rivera into long-term LGBTQ+ activism and how trans individuals were often sidelined in the mainstream gay rights movement.
Barajas, Joshua, et al. "What Stonewall Means to the People Who Were There."
PBS, 26 June 2019
www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-stonewall-means-to-the-people-who-were-there
This news article provided reflections from Stonewall veterans about what the riots meant to them. The source helped me understand how the significance of Stonewall evolved over time and its lasting impact on participants.
Walsh, Colleen. "Harvard Scholars Reflect on the History and Legacy of the Stonewall Riots."
Harvard Gazette, 1 July 2019
This academic article provided scholarly perspectives on the long-term impact of the Stonewall Riots. The source helped me understand how the riots are viewed in an academic context and how historians analyze their impact on civil rights movements.
Brockell, Gillian. "The Transgender Women at Stonewall Were Pushed out of the Gay Rights Movement. Now They Are Getting a Statue in New York."
The Washington Post, 27 June 2019
This newspaper article explored how the contributions of transgender activists were recognized or ignored in historical narratives of Stonewall. The source helped me analyze the intersection of gender and sexuality in activism and how trans individuals were often marginalized within the broader LGBTQ+ movement.
Paranick, Amber. "Stonewall 50 in Newspapers."
Headlines and Heroes, 27 June 2019
blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2019/06/stonewall-50-in-newspapers/
This newspaper archive analysis examined how newspapers covered the 50th anniversary of the riots. The source helped me understand how media portrayals of Stonewall changed over time and how different perspectives on the event evolved.
Duberman, Martin B. "Stonewall: The Definitive Story of the LGBTQ Rights Uprising That Changed America."
New York, Plume, 2019 (originally published 1993)
This book is considered one of the most comprehensive accounts of the Stonewall Riots. Duberman interviewed many participants and provides detailed accounts of the events leading up to, during, and following the uprising. I used this source to understand the personal stories of key figures in the riots and to gain insight into how the riots transformed into a broader movement. This source was particularly valuable for understanding the turning point aspect of my thesis.
NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. "Stonewall Inn."
NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project
https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/stonewall-inn-christopher-park/
This historic site documentation provided information about the Stonewall Inn as a landmark. The source helped me understand how Stonewall has been preserved as an important site of LGBTQ+ history and its ongoing significance as a symbol of the movement.